William Lane joined the Hudson's Bay Company in 1843 as an apprentice steward. He worked at Fort Garry from 1843-1875.

The American National Woman's Christian Temperance Union was formed in Cleveland, History: Ohio in 1874 . The Canadian branch of the organization was established in Ontario in 1875 and the World WCTU in 1883. The organization enjoyed some success in North America with the passage of Prohibition laws in 1918. In Canada there were fewer than 4,000 members in 1985.

The Department of History traces its roots at UBC back to the appointment of S. Mack Eastman in 1915. For some years Eastman functioned as a "one-man department". He was joined in his pursuits by notable UBC pioneers Walter N. Sage (1918) and F.H. Soward (1922). From its beginnings the Department has undertaken to offer a broad range of scholarly studies. Today, students study Canadian, American, European, Latin American, African and Asian history. Within these broad categories, the Department offers areas of specialization in political, economic, intellectual and cultural studies.

Born in Calgary in 1929, W. Randle Iredale relocated to Vancouver prior to completing his high school education. In the Spring of 1953, Iredale married Kathryn Iredale at Hart House at the University of Toronto. He graduated from the UBC School of Architecture in 1955. He was a Member of the Architectural Institute of British Columbia (AIBC) from 1958 till 1999 when he retired. Since the 1960s, he was a founding partner of Rhone & Iredale Architects for 20 years and from the 1980s, he became a managing partner of The Iredale Partnership for another 20 years. He participated in numerous architectural projects, notably the Development project at Portage Mountain, the Sedgewick Undergraduate Library at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver’s Park Site 19 Project, and the Systems Control Center at Simon Fraser University. Randle Iredale passed away in 2000.

Leonard Wood was born in 1919 in Stonewall, Manitoba, taught at the Vancouver School of Art, 1945-1969, and co-founded the Langley Community Music School in 1970.

Robert Alexander Bremner Duncan (1947- ) was born in Stirling, Scotland. After attending Stirling High School, Bob Duncan worked as a reporter for the Stirling Journal and the Falkirk Herald before moving to London in 1963 where he worked as a freelance writer. In 1967, Duncan came to Montreal, Canada, to attend the World’s Fair and stayed, becoming a news desk editor for the Montreal Gazette and Ottawa Journal. In 1969, Ducan began writing and producing radio dramas and documentaries for CBC Radio, eventually becoming a writer and producer for CBC Television in 1972. In 1974, Duncan left the CBC for the National Film Board of Canada (NFB) where he worked until 1989, specialising in documentary, drama, and IMAX projects. In 1974, Duncan met NFB director and producer Donald Brittain. Together they made a proposal to NFB to produce a documentary on British writer Malcolm Lowry with Brittain acting as director and Duncan serving as “expert, interviewer, location manager, and sound recordist.” The film, Volcano: An Inquiry into the Life and Death of Malcolm Lowry, earned Duncan and Brittain Academy Award nominations as co-producers. In 1989, Duncan left the NFB and Montreal and moved to Vancouver, B.C., where he continued to write, produce, and direct television specials for many major Canadian television networks. Duncan established his own production company, Duncan Productions Inc., which operated between 1978 and 2010, and is one of the principals of International Documentary Television Corporation (1984-present), a privately owned Canadian television production company specialising in full length network documentary programming. In addition to the Academy Award nomination for Volcano, Duncan’s films have won or been nominated for many other awards, including a Gold Plaque at the Chicago Film Festival for Margaret Laurence, First Lady of Manawaka (1980), a Writers Guild of Canada Award for V6A 1N6 (1998), and a Leo Award for Beaverbrook: The Various Lives of Max Aitken (2001). Duncan is married to television and film editor Janice Brown and has four children, Keiron, Katrina, Jessica, and Sarah.

Leonard Woods was born in 1919 in Stonewall, Manitoba, taught at the Vancouver School of Art, 1945-1969, and co-founded the Langley Community Music School in 1970.

Charles E. Spring (1859-1938) was born in New Westminster, British Columbia, and moved with his family to Victoria in 1867. He was the oldest son of William Spring, a pioneering sealer and trader in British Columbia. Spring attended the Collegiate and James Bay schools in Victoria, as well as St. Louis College. Spring worked for the Hudson's Bay Company from the age of 17, until 1884, when he joined his father in the sealing industry. Following the death of his father that same year, he took over the sealing business at the age of 24. Spring’s fleet at that time included the schooners “Kate,” “Onward,” “Alfred Adams,” and “Favourite.” In addition to his sealing interests, Spring owned several small steamers at Victoria. His business partners included Captain Alexander McLean and Peter Frances.

Spring married Agnes Loretta Dowdall in 1890. Despite the fact that Spring was active in the Presbyterian Church of Canada, he left the church and converted to Catholicism, his wife’s religion, upon their marriage. Although they built a house on Kingston Street in Victoria, they spent their early married life in Kyuquot, B.C., where Spring had a trading post.

In 1885, United States cutters began seizing vessels caught sealing in the North Pacific in order to protect their sealing interests in Alaska. In 1886, Spring’s vessel “Onward” was seized, resulting in a loss of $12,000 of assets. In order to ease tensions between the United States and Great Britain over the Bering Sea controversy, a temporary agreement (the “Modus Vivendi”) prohibiting pelagic sealing in the Bering Sea for the 1891 season was put in place. The “Modus Vivendi” was then renewed for the 1892-1893 sealing season. The resulting loss of revenue financially ruined Spring, who was sued for nonpayment of bills and wages, and lost the vessels “Favourite” and “Kate,” as well as his Kingston Street residence, among other assets.

In 1898, as a result of the 1896-1897 Bering Sea Claims Commission, Spring received a settlement of $33,906 from the United States for financial losses caused by the seizure of the “Onward” and the initial “Modus Vivendi” in 1891. However, settlements were not awarded for losses suffered due to the extension of the “Modus Vivendi” during the 1892-1893 sealing season. Spring continued to pursue his claims for these losses and became an active spokesman for other sealers in their claims. Among his many attempts at receiving settlement, he submitted his claims to a royal commission set by the Dominion Government in 1913 to investigate claims by sealers for compensation for loss of their trade resulting from sealing treaties of 1893 and 1911. The commissioner, Louis Arthur Audette, determined that Spring’s claims were invalid, his losses having occurred prior to 1894.

Following the collapse of his sealing business, Spring became a trader out of Kyuquot for five years before moving back to Victoria and taking up farming. He later moved to Seattle, but returned to Victoria in 1911 to go into the motor-boat business, before moving to Vancouver in 1920 where he lived until his death. Spring died from bronchial pneumonia in Vancouver on February 11, 1938 at the age of 78. He was survived by his wife, one son, four daughters, and three sisters.

Sir William Fletcher Barrett was born to English parents on February 10, 1844 in Jamaica. His family moved back to their native England in 1848 and in 1855 moved to Manchester where Barrett was educated at Old Trafford Grammar School. He subsequently took classes in chemistry and physics at the Royal College of Chemistry, London. In 1863 he became an assistant to John Tyndall at the Royal Institution, where he met and was influenced by Michael Faraday. He received a Master’s of Science from International College and became a lecturer in physics at the Royal School of Naval Architecture in 1869. From 1873 to 1910 he was a professor of physics at the Royal College of Science, Dublin.

He is best known for two lines of inquiry: his early work on ‘sensitive flames’ and his later studies on the electrical, magnetic, and thermal properties of iron and iron alloys. In 1899 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London, in addition to already being a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and Royal Dublin Society. He was also knighted in 1912.

Barrett is remembered principally for his leadership in the founding of the Society of Psychical Research (SPR), an interest inspired by his experiences with mesmerism in the 1860s. In September 1876 he gave a paper before the anthropological section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science outlining some of his experiences. With spiritualist E. Dawson Rogers he founded the SPR in January of 1882.

He died suddenly of heart failure on May 26, 1925 at his home in London, England.

Otto Cohnheim, who later changed his name to Otto Kestner, was born 30 May 1873 in Breslau, Germany. He received his medical education in Leipzig and Heidelberg, graduating in medicine in 1896. In 1897 he was appointed Privat-dozent (lecturer) in the Physiological Institute at Heidelberg, an appointment resulting from a paper on absorption from the stomach and intestine. His greatest achievement was the discovery of an enzyme responsible for breaking peptones down to free amino-acids, which he called “erepsin” from a Greek word meaning “I break down”. After this discovery he was promoted to ausserordentlicher Professor (senior lecturer) at Heidelberg, where he also stood in as head of the department when the head of the department fell ill. In 1913 he was appointed ordentlicher (full) Professor at the newly founded Institute of Physiology in Hamburg. It was at this time that Cohnheim, at the request of his mother, changed his name to Kestner, a name which was in his mother’s family.

Otto then served as a medical officer in the field during the Great War, putting his career in Hamburg on hold. In 1919 he took the appointment at Hamburg, becoming the director of the institute. He continued to do extensive research into the physiology of the kidney, general metabolism, and the physiology of marine animals, all of which he published on extensively. He lectured in Italy and the USA and worked for a time in Russia with Pavlov.

Due to his Jewish birth name of Cohnheim, he was investigated by the Gestapo. His post at the Institute of Physiology in Hamburg ended in 1934 when he was abruptly dismissed without compensation. Otto was forced to sell much of his family’s possessions and escaped with his family to Britain. In 1940 he was interred for six months on the Isle of Man as a potential enemy alien. After being released Otto worked for several institutions in Britain including the Rowett Institute in Aberdeen and the Royal Sea-bathing Hospital at Margate. In 1942 he went to Cambridge where he became a member of Downing College and was associated with the School of Agriculture.

Otto returned to Hamburg to fill his former post as director of the Institute of Physiology. He died in Hamburg in 1953.

The wife of Otto Cohnheim.

Alexander John Gaspard Marcet, who is most commonly known as Alexander Marcet, was a physician-chemist born in Geneva, Switzerland in 1770. He went to Edinburgh in 1794 and graduated with doctor of medicine from Edinburgh University on June 24, 1797. After graduation he went to London where he was admitted a Licentiate of the College of Physicians in 1799. In 1804 he became a physician at Guy’s Hospital, where he lectured on chemistry between 1805 and 1819. In 1809, after having volunteered his services on behalf of the troops, he was appointed temporary charge of the military hospital at Portsmouth for several months. He then returned to London and his previous position at Guy’s Hospital until 1819, at which point he returned to Geneva. After the death of his father-in-law, Marcet inherited a substantial sum of money which he used in order to focus on science and literature. He returned to Great Britain for a brief visit in 1821 which resulted in him contracting gout in the stomach. He died in London on October 19, 1822, aged 52.

William Osler was a medical philosopher who was born in 1849 in the town of Bond Head, north of Toronto. He and his family lived there until 1857 when they moved to Dundas. In 1867 Osler enrolled in divinity studies at Toronto’s Trinity College, where one of his teachers persuaded him to enroll in medicine instead. He graduated with a medical degree from McGill University in 1872, after which he pursued post-graduate studies in London, Berlin, and Vienna. He returned to McGill in 1874 to lecture in medicine and pathology. In 1883 he was elected a fellow of the British Royal College of Physicians.

He went on to accept a position as professor of clinical medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1884. Five years later he was the top choice to become Chief of Medicine at the new Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, where he taught students at patients’ bedsides rather than from a textbook. While teaching at Johns Hopkins, Osler wrote <em>Principles and Practice of Medicine: Designed for the Use of Practitioners and Students of Medicine </em> (1892), a notable textbook on modern medicine. In 1898 he was one of the eight founding members of the Association of Medical Librarians, as the Medical Library Association was known until 1907.

In 1905 Osler was offered and accepted the position of Regius Professor of Medicine at Oxford University. Six years later he was made a baronet for his contributions to the field of medicine. He died on December 29, 1919 at the age of 70 due to pneumonia developed as a result of influenza.

Dr. William Arthur Paskins, also known as Dr. Arthur W. Paskins, was a naturopathic doctor in British Columbia. Paskins was the director of the Associated Nature Cure & Physiotherapy Institute in British Columbia in the 1920s and 1930s. He wrote to the Royal Commission on State Health Insurance and Maternity Benefits of British Columbia in 1930 requesting that naturopathic medicine be covered under insurance, reminding the commission that not everyone used allopathic medicine.

Paskins was also instrumental in promoting the necessity of the Naturopathic Physicians Act of British Columbia in 1936. This was the first act in Canada to have legislation enacted specific to naturopathy.

As a result of this act, Paskins became the first chair of the Association of Naturopathic Physicians of British Columbia from 1936 to 1939. He was again its chair from 1942 to 1946. In 1943 Paskins also expressed interest in establishing a chair of physical medicine at the University of British Columbia.

Arthur Hughes was born in London on 27 January 1832, to Edward and Amy Hughes. He entered Archbishop Tenison's Grammar School in about 1838, and while there displayed an early talent for drawing; in 1846 he entered the School of Design, Somerset House where he studied under Alfred Stevens. In 1847 he enrolled in the Antique Schools at the Royal Academy, winning a silver medal in 1849 for a drawing from the Antique, and in that same year exhibited his first finished painting, Musidora, at the Royal Academy.

1850 was the most important year of his life: he first discovered Pre-Raphaelitism by reading the Germ; he met Tryphena Foord, his future wife and mother of his six children; and met Alexander Munro, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and Ford Madox Brown, thenceforward being converted to their cause. In 1852 he sent (c.1851-53, City of Manchester Art Galleries) to the Royal Academy, and the following year began Orlando, which during the next six years evolved into The Long Engagement. In 1856 Hughes exhibited two of his best paintings at the Royal Academy, The Eve of St. Agnes and April Love, the latter being purchased from the exhibition by William Morris. In 1857 he joined with Rossetti, Morris, Edward Burne-Jones and others in painting murals on the walls of the Oxford Union Debating Hall (now the Library), an effort which perhaps inspired his later Arthurian works such as The Knight of the Sun and Sir Galahad. Another well-known painting, Home from Sea (1856-63, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford), was begun at Chingford, Essex in 1856, but not completed until 1862-63 when the figure of the girl, modelled by Tryphena, was added.

As well as being the best of the younger Pre-Raphaelite followers, Hughes was one of the leading book illustrators of the 'Sixties' school, producing drawings for Tennyson's Enoch Arden, Thomas Hughes's (no relation) Tom Brown's School Days, George MacDonald's "At the Back of the North Wind" & "The Princess and the Goblin," and Christina Rossetti's Sing-Song.

Hughes's only official post was Art Examiner in the South Kensington Schools, although he taught from January to August 1877 at the Working Men's College. In 1912 he was awarded a Civil List Pension, and on 23 December 1915 he died in Kew Green, London, having produced approximately 700 known paintings & drawings and 750 book illustrations during his lifetime.

Biographical information provided by Leonard Roberts (arthurhughes.org).

Yvonne Schmitz was a correspondent and personal friend of Claire Culhane's from the 1970's until Culhane's passing in 1996.

The Surrey Berry Growers' Cooperative Association was a group of mostly Japanese-Canadian berry farmers in Surrey, BC. It was one of the first berry cooperatives in the Surrey area. The Surrey Berry Growers' Cooperative produced Sovereign Brand strawberries and jam berries. The Cooperative had 5 acres of land and Sandell Road by Townline Road, RR 4, New Westminster, British Columbia. It also had a recreation hall and caretaker's residence on the property. The Cooperative was successful throughout the Great Depression despite the failures of many other agricultural ventures during that time period. In 1942, many of the farmers in the Cooperative were interned due to being of Japanese decent and had their land and possessions taken from them. The Cooperative also had their land and property ceased at this time. While there were attempts made to regain the property and re-establish the Cooperative, the Cooperative died out sometime after 1952.

Reverend Jitsuo Morikawa was born in Port Hammond, British Columbia in 1912. He was the youngest son of Yasutarō and Tora Morikawa. His mother died shortly after he was born and his father remarried in 1919.

He graduated from the University of California-Los Angeles and of Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in 1940. He went to work after that as a pastor for three different Japanese-American congregations before being forced with his wife, Hazel Takii (1915-2005), to move to an internment camp in Poston, Arizona where they lived for 18 months. During his time there he served as a pastor in the camp.

After being release, he moved to Chicago in 1943 where he became the associate pastor and later pastor of First Baptist Church of Chicago until 1956. Jitsuo then moved to Valley Forge, Pennsylvania where he served as director of evangelism (1956-1966) and office of planning (1966-1972) as well as the associate executive secretary of the American Baptist National Ministries until 1976. He was the interm pastor of Riverside Church in New York from 1976-1977 and later settled in Ann Arbor, Michigan where he was the minister of the First Baptist Church until he retirement in 1982.

He was the vice president of American Baptist Churches USA from 1984-1986. He was well-known and well regarded in the evangelistic community. He died in 1987. His wife wrote his biography after his death, "Footprints: One Man's Pilgrimage, a Biography of Jitsuo Morikawa" and it was published 1990.

Lionel Haweis (1870-1942) was born in Litchfield, England and educated at King William's College, Isle of Man and Marlborough. He married Lucy Mary De Vergette of Peterborough and, in 1907, emigrated to Canada, where he opened a photographic studio. Later he moved it to Vancouver under the name of Rossetti Studios in partnership with Jack Loudon Ranier. In 1918 he was appointed to the staff of the University of British Columbia Library, retiring in 1939. He became well known in literary life in Vancouver. He was the founder of the UBC Arts and Letters Club, a member of various academic clubs and the Little Theatre, and the first honorary secretary of the Vancouver Overseas Club.